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The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
What: A study conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service to observe the natural progression of untreated syphilis in Black men. When:...
Scottish Anatomist and Ethnologist
Who: Robert Knox (1791–1862) What: Authored works that supported the idea of racial superiority and inferiority. When: 1850 Details:...
British Philosopher and Sociologist
Who: Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) What: Applied the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human societies, promoting Social Darwinism....
French Naturalist and Zoologist
Who: Georges Cuvier (1769–1832) What: Promoted polygenism and racial hierarchies through his scientific writings. When: 1817 Details:...
American Paleontologist and Eugenicist
Who: Henry Fairfield Osborn (1857–1935) What: Promoted scientific racism through his writings on eugenics and human evolution. When: 1896...
Swiss-American Biologist and Geologist
Who: Louis Agassiz (1807–1873) What: Promoted polygenism, the belief in separate origins for different races. When: 1850 Details: Louis...
French Physician, Anatomist, and Anthropologist
Who: Paul Broca (1824–1880) What: Conducted research on brain size and its relation to intelligence, contributing to scientific racism....
J. Marion Sims' Gynecological Experiments
What: J. Marion Sims conducted surgical experiments on enslaved Black women without anesthesia. When: 1840s Where: Alabama, USA. Details:...
The Mississippi Appendectomy
What: Forced sterilization of Black women in the United States under the guise of medical treatment. When: 1920s-1980s Where: Southern...
The Cincinnati Radiation Experiments
What: Radiation experiments conducted on cancer patients, primarily poor Black individuals. When: 1960-1971 Where: Cincinnati, Ohio, USA....
The Willowbrook Hepatitis Experiments
What: Saul Krugman, MD, deliberately infected institutionalized children with hepatitis. When: 1956-1970 Where: Willowbrook State School,...
The Holmesburg Prison Experiments
What: Dermatologist Dr. Albert Kligman conducted experiments on mostly Black inmates at Holmesburg Prison. When: 1951-1974 Where:...
Dr. Thomas Hamilton's Experiments on John Brown
What: Dr. Thomas Hamilton conducted painful experiments on an enslaved man named John Brown. When: Late 1700s Where: Georgia, USA....
The Moon Man​
Date:1946​ Who: Dr. Walter McAfee​ Where : Ore City, TX​ What: Walter Samuel McAfee was an American scientist and astronomer, notable for...
A Semiconductor Pioneer
Date: 1960​ Who: Frank Greene​ Where: San Jose, California​ What: While serving in the U.S. Air Force as an Electronics Officer, Green...
The Black Women Who Helped Create the GPS​
Date: 1970s and 1980s​ Who: Gladys West (1930 - )​ Where: Dahlgren, Virginia​ What: Gladys West, an African American mathematician,...
One of the First Black Employees at NASA​
Date:1955-1989​ Who: Anne Easley​ Where : John Glenn research center, Cleveland, Ohio​ What: Annie Easley was an American computer...
Founder of STEM Skool, Inc.
Date: 2017​ Who: GeAndra Imoudu​ Where: Charlotte , NC What: Imoudu founded the STEM Skool organization as a means for youth to receive...
Founding Director of Ida B. Wells Just Data Lab​
Date: 2013 Who: Ruha Benjamin​​ Where: New Jersey​​ What: In addition to being the founding director of the Ida B. Wells JUST Data Lab,...
Founder of Black Girls Code​
Date: 2011 Who: Kimberly Bryant​ Where: California​​ What: Bryant founded Black Girls Code to increase the representation of young black...
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