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Swedish Botanist, Physician, and Zoologist
Who: Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) What: Developed a classification system for humans that reinforced racial hierarchies. When: Mid-18th...

Founding Father and Racist Physician
Who: Benjamin Rush (1746-1813) What: Promoted theories of Black biological inferiority. When: Late 18th century Details: Rush believed...

Physician and Proponent of Scientific Racism
Who: Dr. Samuel Cartwright (1793-1863) What: Known for his medical theories that claimed physiological differences between Black and...


Historian and Plantation Owner
Who: Edward Long (1734-1813) What: Authored "The History of Jamaica," which promoted scientific racism. When: Late 18th century Details:...


British Physician and Surgeon
Who: Charles White (1728–1813) What: Authored works that claimed the inherent inferiority of Black people. When: Late 18th century...


Dutch Anatomist, Anthropologist, and Naturalist
Who: Petrus Camper (1722–1789) What: Developed the "facial angle" theory to compare the physiognomy of different races. When: Mid to late...


The Royal Society Is One Of The Oldest And Most Prestigious Scientific Institutions In The World
What: The Royal Society of London When:1660 Details: Although the Royal Society played a crucial role in the advancement of science, it...


German Physician, Naturalist, and Anthropologist
Who: Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840) What: Developed a racial classification system based on physical anthropology. When: Late...


American Physician and Natural Scientist
Who: Samuel George Morton (1799–1851) What: Used craniometry to promote racial hierarchies. When: Early 19th century (Note: While...


French Naturalist, Mathematician, and Cosmologist
Who: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707–1788) What: Published "Histoire Naturelle," which included theories about the racial...


American Physician and Surgeon
Who: Josiah C. Nott (1804–1873) What: Known for his writings and lectures on the supposed racial differences and the superiority of the...


The Society of the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG)
Who: Â The Society of the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG) What: A British trading company involved in the transatlantic...


The American Colonization Society (ACS)
What: An organization established to promote the migration of free African Americans to Africa. When:1816 Details: The American...


The Skull and Bones Society's Involvement in Racist Anthropology
What: A secret society at Yale University that supported and promoted racial pseudoscience. When: Founded in 1832 Details: The Skull and...


The Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors
What: One of the great livery companies of the City of London, involved in trade and commerce. Who: The Worshipful Company of Merchant...


The American Philosophical Society
Who The American Philosophical Society What: An academic society founded by Benjamin Franklin that played a significant role in the...


The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
What: A study conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service to observe the natural progression of untreated syphilis in Black men. When:...


Scottish Anatomist and Ethnologist
Who: Robert Knox (1791–1862) What: Authored works that supported the idea of racial superiority and inferiority. When: 1850 Details:...


British Philosopher and Sociologist
Who: Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) What: Applied the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human societies, promoting Social Darwinism....


French Naturalist and Zoologist
Who: Georges Cuvier (1769–1832) What: Promoted polygenism and racial hierarchies through his scientific writings. When: 1817 Details:...
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